Geography / History

I have thus-far neglected to give a decent overview of Ecuador as a country, but this post should rectify the situation....

Geography

Ecuador is on the northwestern coast of South America and is roughly the size of the state of Colorado. It shares a northern border with Columbia, a western border with the Pacific Ocean, and eastern and southern borders with Peru. There are four geographic regions: the Galapagos Islands, the Costa (coast), the Sierra (Andes Mountains), and the Oriente (jungle; also called Amazonia, as the rivers in this region are part of the Amazon basin).

The capital city, Quito, is located in the northern Sierra, less than 100 miles south of the Equator. Many parts of the Sierra are home to indigenous peoples and their cultures dominate small-town life and enjoy a growing influence in the politics of this region, which has the highest population density of the four. The picture to the right is of Shuar people, the indigenous group that lives closest to me. The weather in the Sierra varies from hot and dry in the lowest valleys (like my site) to extreme cold and snow at the highest elevations and on the many volcanoes (six are currently active) that dot the countryside.

The Costa is dominated by mestizo culture, with the exception of Esmeraldas Province, which is home to most of the Afro-Ecuadorian population. It has a humid, tropical climate with a flood-prone monsoon season. The largest city in Ecuador, Guayaquil, is located in the Costa on a natural bay, west and south of Quito. The coastal culture is known for greater openness and boisterousness than either the Sierra or Oriente, but also for higher crime rates. My fellow volunteers from this region assure me that the accent in this region is much harder to understand than that of the other regions.

The Oriente is the least densely populated region of Ecuador, and also the location of most of the country’s oil reserves. There is an ongoing struggle between the indigenous peoples of the region, environmental groups, and oil companies (run by the state) as to how the reserves should be managed. The Oriente has a uniformly humid climate, and the climate is hot, with the exception of the cooler cloud forests that hug the western slopes of the Andes. Many of the volunteers working in this region are promoting the blossoming eco-tourism industry with Peace Corps’ Natural Resources program.

The Galapagos Islands are dry, warm, isolated islands located more than 1000km west of the rest of Ecuador. The wildlife here evolved without humans and are remarkably unperturbed by their relatively-recent arrival. I liked one description I came across that compared the islands’ animals’ response to humans to the way stars deal with annoying paparazzi. These animals inspired Darwin to write his Theory of Evolution, and the islands now attract an enormous crop of tourists interested in swimming with the turtles and seeing a blue-footed booby. There are so many tourists that the Ministry of the Environment regularly introduces new regulations designed to protect the islands from them. They generally achieve this by raising admission prices, making the Galapagos a major splurge for volunteers.

History

Ecuador became an independent nation in 1830. Since then, it has undergone nearly 100 changes in government and 20 constitutions, the most recent of which went into effect in 2008. My Lonely Planet claims that the volatility stems from strife between the conservative, Catholic Sierra and the liberal, secular Coast, and from disputes with Peru. I am yet to visit the Coast, so I don’t have much to add to that first proposed cause, but animosity with Peru is certainly ripe. The Centro I work at was founded after the most recent war with Peru (peace accords signed 1998) with the goal of improving conditions in the border region. I am often told about the dire poverty, crime, and general yuckiness of Peru by my Ecuadorian neighbors (I live in the border region).

Before 1830, Ecuador was part of Gran Columbia, a nation composed of present-day Venezuela, Columbia and Ecuador. Gran Columbia was the united, idealistic dream of Simon Bolivar, a Venezuelan, who led the struggle for independence from Spain. He and his army fought from 1820, achieving the complete expulsion of the Spanish from Ecuador in 1822.

The Spanish, in turn, had concurred Ecuador from the Incan Empire. If you can remember back to your world history class, you may recall (as I did not) that Conquistador Francisco Pizarro led Spain’s defeat of Incan Emperor Atahualpa with greatly-outnumbered troops and a kidnapping scheme. Pizarro’s conquest began in 1532, and by 1534, Pizarro had made his way to Quito. The city had been razed by its fleeing Incan rulers, so Pizarro re-founded it on December 6, 1534, which is celebrated today as the Foundation of Quito. The Spanish Colonial period was characterized by extensive church-construction on former Incan religious sites, flourishing agriculture and the arts, and extreme oppression of the indigenous and mestizo populations.

In truth, when the Spanish ousted them, the Incans had only recently arrived, as they had conquered indigenous groups called the Cañari, beginning in 1463. Though they ruled for a relatively short time, the Inca had a great influence on the indigenous cultures, introducing the Quechua language, which is still spoken by many indigenous people as a primary language, and which peppers Ecuadorian Spanish even outside of indigenous populations. The Incans also changed land-ownership standards and introduced many crops now commonly associated with Ecuadorian agriculture such as cocoa, sweet potatoes (camote, the most common variety is available in my local market and has white outer flesh and a purple interior – see the picture to the right), and peanuts.